Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2021 Population

144,386

2.56% 1-year growth

US Senator

Debbie Stabenow

Democratic Party

US Senator

Gary Peters

Democratic Party

2021 Median Age

42.8

1.15% 1-year decrease

2021 Poverty Rate

7.04%

2.66% 1-year decrease

2021 Median Household Income

$76,803

2.48% 1-year growth

2021 Median Property Value

$182,800

5.79% 1-year growth

2021 Employed Population

68,850

0.167% 1-year growth

About

In 2021, Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI had a population of 144k people with a median age of 42.8 and a median household income of $76,803. Between 2020 and 2021 the population of Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI grew from 140,781 to 144,386, a 2.56% increase and its median household income grew from $74,948 to $76,803, a 2.48% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI are White (Non-Hispanic) (69.8%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (19.7%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (3.09%), Asian (Non-Hispanic) (2.56%), and White (Hispanic) (2.18%).

8.45% of the households in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

97.9% of the residents in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Wayne County (North Central)--Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI are Schoolcraft College (1,323 degrees awarded in 2021) and Madonna University (1,098 degrees).

In 2021, the median property value in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI was $182,800, and the homeownership rate was 83.2%.

Most people in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 24.1 minutes. The average car ownership in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI was 2 cars per household.

Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI borders Oakland County (Southwest) PUMA, MI, Farmington & Southfield Area PUMA, MI, Wayne County (Northwest) PUMA, MI, Dearborn & Dearborn Heights Cities PUMA, MI, Westland, Garden City, Inkster & Wayne Cities PUMA, MI, and Detroit City (Northwest) PUMA, MI.

United States Michigan

Population & Diversity

Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI is home to a population of 144k people, from which 97.9% are citizens. As of 2021, 6.61% of Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI residents were born outside of the country (9.54k people).

In 2021, there were 3.54 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (101k people) in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI than any other race or ethnicity. There were 28.5k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 4.46k Two+ (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI are Spanish (2,496 households), Arabic (1,919 households), and Other Indo-European Languages (1,232 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

73,498

Women

50.9%

70,911

Men

49.1%

The resident population of United States in 2021 was 144,409 inhabitants, with 49.1% men, and 50.9% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

97.9%

2021 Citizenship

97.7%

2020 Citizenship

As of 2021, 97.9% of Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2020, the percentage of US citizens in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI was 97.7%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI

White (Non-Hispanic)
101k ± 1.88k
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
28.5k ± 1.35k
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
4.46k ± 688

4.19%

Hispanic Population

6.06k people

4.19% of the people in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI are hispanic (6.06k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

India
900 ± 734 people
Canada
742 ± 667 people
Lebanon
664 ± 631 people

In 2021, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI was India, the natal country of 900 Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI residents, followed by Canada with 742 and Lebanon with 664.

Foreign-Born Population

6.61%

2021 Foreign-Born Population

9.54k people

6.9%

2020 Foreign-Born Population

9.71k people

As of 2021, 6.61% of Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI residents (9.54k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.6%. In 2020, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI was 6.9%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
2,496 households (1.82%)
Arabic
1,919 households (1.4%)
Other Indo-European Languages
1,232 households (0.899%)

8.45% of the households in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 21.7%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2021, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI was Spanish. 1.82% of the households in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Vietnam
2,710 ± 296
Gulf War (2001-)
839 ± 213
Gulf War (1990s)
683 ± 175

Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 3.23 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI employs 68.9k people. The largest industries in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI are Motor vehicles & motor vehicle equipment manufacturing (7,166 people), General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (4,253 people), and Elementary & secondary schools (3,831 people), and the highest paying industries are Public finance activities ($146,629), Electronic shopping and mail-order houses ($125,109), and Pharmaceutical & medicine manufacturing ($118,910).

Males in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI have an average income that is 1.27 times higher than the average income of females, which is $56,387. The income inequality in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI (measured using the Gini index) is 0.41, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

34,070

Women

49.6%

34,665

Men

50.4%

The workforce of Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI in 2020 was 68,735 people, with 49.6% woman, and 50.4% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

68.9k

2021 Value

0.167%

1 Year growth

± 0.167%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI grew at a rate of 0.167%, from 68.7k employees to 68.9k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI, are Other managers (1,713 people), Driver/sales workers & truck drivers (1,666 people), and Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive (1,628 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Michigan (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

68.9k

2021 Value

0.167%

1 Year growth

± 0.167%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI grew at a rate of 0.167%, from 68.7k employees to 68.9k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI, are Motor vehicles & motor vehicle equipment manufacturing (7,166 people), General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (4,253 people), and Elementary & secondary schools (3,831 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI, though some of these residents may live in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$55,298

Median earning men ± $1,752

$39,029

Median earning women ± $1,247

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2021 are Manufacturing ($75,096), Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($74,382), and Public Administration ($69,020).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2021 are Public Administration ($57,226), Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($54,720), and Manufacturing ($52,835).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

Y-Axis

2.75%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 155M people employed in Michigan. This represents a 2.75% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Michigan.

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Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Michigan to other states, or from other states to Michigan.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2020, the top outbound Michigan product (by dollars) was Motorized vehicles with $217B, followed by Machinery ($58.2B) and Mixed freight ($51.2B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Michigan products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Michigan.

$667B

2020 Value in Michigan

$1.16T

Projected 2050 Value in Michigan

74% growth

In 2020, total outbound Michigan trade was $667B. This is expected to increase 74% to $1.16T by 2050.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Michigan trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Michigan to other states, or from other states to Michigan.

Most Common Trade Partners

Ohio
$37.2B
Indiana
$33.2B
Texas
$31.6B

In 2020, the top outbound Michigan domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Ohio with $37.2B, followed by Indiana with $33.2B and Texas and $31.6B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Michigan shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Michigan went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 50.6% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (47.8%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.09%).

Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters are the senators currently representing the state of Michigan. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Michigan is currently represented by 13 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI. Showing the available data for Michigan.

2020 Election Results

Joseph R Biden Jr. (50.6%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (47.8%)
Republican Party
Jo Jorgensen (1.09%)
Libertarian Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Michigan went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 50.6% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (47.8%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.09%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Michigan for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Senator Elections

US Senators from Michigan

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Michigan.

Debbie Stabenow

Senator from Michigan

Assumed office on January 3, 2001

Gary Peters

Senator from Michigan

Assumed office on January 3, 2015

Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters are the senators currently representing Michigan.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Michigan over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from Michigan

Michigan is currently represented by 13 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Michigan have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2021, universities in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI awarded 2,421 degrees. The student population of Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI in 2021 is skewed towards women, with 4,190 male students and 6,584 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI are White (1,616 and 72.1%), followed by Black or African American (271 and 12.1%), Unknown (119 and 5.31%), and Hispanic or Latino (90 and 4.02%).

The largest universities in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI by number of degrees awarded are Schoolcraft College (1,323 and 54.6%) and Madonna University (1,098 and 45.4%).

The most popular majors in Wayne County (North Central)--Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI are Registered Nursing (448 and 18.5%), General Studies (403 and 16.6%), and General Business Administration & Management (268 and 11.1%).

The median tuition costs in Wayne County (North Central)--Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI are $24,900 for private four year colleges, and $4,732 and $6,812 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2021 in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI, the percentage of applicants admitted was 52.3%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 39.7%. The number of students enrolled in 2021 was 10,774 (38.9% men and 61.1% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2021 there were 10,774 students enrolled in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI, 38.9% men and 61.1% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 6,518 records, of which 58.7% were women and 41.3% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

Registered Nursing
167 degrees awarded
General Studies
385 degrees awarded
General Business Administration & Management
170 degrees awarded

In 2021, the most common concentation for Associates Degree recipients in Wayne County (North Central)--Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI was Registered Nursing with 167 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Associates Degree from schools in Wayne County (North Central)--Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Schoolcraft College
1,323 degrees awarded
Madonna University
1,098 degrees awarded

In 2021, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Schoolcraft College with 1,323 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2021, 818 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI, which is 0.51 times less than the 1,603 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2021 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 1,616 degrees mean that there were 5.96 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 271 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above ($24,900) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2021.

Public, 4-year or above ($762) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2021.

Public, 4-year or above ($1,545) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2021, 0.613% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 0.373% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI in 2021 were Some college (29.9k), High School or Equivalent (29.2k), and Bachelors Degree (24.9k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI was $182,800 in 2021, which is 0.746 times smaller than the national average of $244,900. Between 2020 and 2021 the median property value increased from $172,800 to $182,800, a 5.79% increase. The homeownership rate in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI is 83.2%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 64.6%.

People in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI have an average commute time of 24.1 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI is $76,803. In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI was Birmingham & Bloomfield Area PUMA, MI with a value of $127,747, followed by Troy & Rochester Area PUMA, MI and Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI, with respective values of $106,562 and $104,027.

Housing

Property

$182,800

Median Property Value 2021

±$2,973

$46,351

Median Property Taxes

±$1,259

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

83.2%

Homeownership

2021

63%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2021

In 2021, 83.2% of the housing units in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 83%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI was Birmingham & Bloomfield Area PUMA, MI with a value of $127,747, followed by Troy & Rochester Area PUMA, MI and Oakland County (Northeast) PUMA, MI, with respective values of $106,562 and $104,027.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$76,803

Median Household Income

± $2,188

55.7k

Number of Households

± 1,511

In 2021, the median household income of the 55.7k households in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI grew to $76,803 from the previous year's value of $74,948.

The following chart displays the households in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.

Wage Distribution

0.41

2021 Wage GINI in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI

0.412

2020 Wage GINI in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI

In 2021, the income inequality in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI was 0.41 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.607% decline from 2020 to 2021, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2021

Drove Alone (81.9%)
Worked At Home (9.28%)
Carpooled (6.75%)

In 2021, 81.9% of workers in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI drove alone to work, followed by those who worked at home (9.28%) and those who carpooled to work (6.75%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

24.1 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI have a shorter commute time (24.1 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.8 minutes). Additionally, 0.833% of the workforce in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

7.04% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI (10k out of 143k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.6%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 35 - 44 and then Females 55 - 64.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI is White, followed by Black and Asian.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

95.5% of the population of Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI has health coverage, with 57.2% on employee plans, 12.6% on Medicaid, 13.8% on Medicare, 11% on non-group plans, and 0.89% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in Michigan see 1246 patients per year on average, which represents a 1.58% decrease from the previous year (1266 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1294 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 332 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Michigan.

1,246 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Michigan

Primary care physicians in Michigan see an average of 1,246 patients per year. This represents a 1.58% decrease from the previous year (1,266 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Michigan in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2021, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 21.2% under 18 years, 20.4% between 18 and 34 years, 40.3% between 35 and 64 years, and 18% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 48.5% were men and 51.5% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

4.5%

Uninsured

57.2%

Employer Coverage

12.6%

Medicaid

13.8%

Medicare

11%

Non-Group

0.89%

Military or VA

Between 2020 and 2021, the percent of uninsured citizens in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI declined by 2.94% from 4.64% to 4.5%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Livonia City & Redford Charter Township PUMA, MI changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.